SARS-CoV-2 can hijack human host cells in two ways, either via endosomes or via plasma membrane fusion. In both ways, spike (S) glycoproteins of SARS-CoV-2 mediate attachment to the membrane of a host cell and engage angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as the entry receptor.
Spike proteins are part of the structural SARS-COV-2 proteins and are built into the virus envelope. The SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein is a large type I transmembrane protein composed of two subunits, S1 and S2. The S1 subunit contains a receptor-binding domain (RBD) responsible for binding to the host cell receptor ACE2. The S2 subunit mediates fusion between the viral and host cell membranes.
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