Flow cytometry: Use at approximately 1:50 dilution. Immunoassays: (detection antibody) Use at approximately 1:50 dilution. Immunohistochemistry: (frozen / paraffin sections) stains RAW macrophages and TLR9 transfected HEK293 cells. Use at aproximately 1:50 dilution. Western blot: Use at approximately 1:50 dilution. The optimal dilution for a specific application should be determined by the researcher.
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仅限研究用
状态
Liquid
缓冲液
1 mL of 100 µg/mL 0.2 µm filtered monoclonal antibody solution in PBS containing protein stabilizer and 0.02% sodium azide.
储存液
Sodium azide
注意事项
This product contains sodium azide: a POISONOUS AND HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE which should be handled by trained staff only.
Toll-like receptors (TLR) are highly conserved throughout evolution and have been implicated in the innate defense of many pathogens. In Drosophila, toll is required for the anti-fungal response, while the related 18-wheeler is involved in antibacterial defenses. In mammals, TLR identified as type I transmembrane signalling receptors with pattern recognition capabilities, have been implicated in the innate host defense to pathogens. As investigated so far, all functional characterized TLR signals via the TLR/IL-1 receptor (IL-1R) pathway where recruitment of MyD88 seems to be essential. In contrast to cell-wall components, bacterial DNA is probably invisible for immune cells until DNA is liberated during processes taking place in the endosomal/lysosomal compartment where intracellular TLR9 recruits MyD88 to initiate signal transduction. Unmethylated CpG-dinucleotide-containing sequences are found much more frequently in bacterial genomes than in vertebrates genomes, whereas the frequency of CpG dinucleotides are suppressed and usually methylated. The regions adjacent to the CpG dinucleotides also affect the immunostimulatory activity. The optimal sequence differs significantly between mammalian species. Methylated CpG dinucleotides lack immunostimulatory activities. Cellular activation in response to bacterial DNA and synthetic dinucleotides containing unmethylated CpG-dinucleotides is mediated by TLR9.